Ancient+Rome

=Activity # 1 =

Deathrome: 1. Romans believed in a whole pantheon god, each with their own special powers  2. Many Romans believed that illness came from the gods, witchcraft or curses. Herbs and spices were an important element of treatment.  3. When slaves carry a tag, it doesn’t just show you that he is a slave. It shows that something is wrong. He/she is not trusted. 4. Melted beeswax was poured into shallow cavities in wooden tablets to create a writing surface that could be re-used. 5. Scalpel would have been used for procedures such a bloodletting, or surgical interventions on the field of battle, for example.  Gladiator: 1.The Murmillo is a heavy weight gladiator. 2.He has a distinctive helmet that has a large dorsal fin, aluding to mormyros, or sea fish, from which his name orignates. 3.The Retiarius is the most vulnerable of all gladiators. 4.He moves nimbly to inflict blows, with his trident at relatively long range, employs his net (rete) to whip, ensnare or to trip his opponent, and then closes in with his short dagger for the face-off. 5.The Hoplomachus carries a round bronze shield and a spear to thrust at his opponent. 6.His brimmed helmet has a tall cresent-shaped crest, often topped by a griffen's head. 

=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">﻿Activity # 2 =



=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">﻿Activity # 3 = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">__Part 1__

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1. The city of Rome was founded by twin brothers Romulus and Remus in 753 B.C.E. According to legend they were from a wealthy family and were abandoned by their uncle. A She-wolf took them in and raised them. Romulus killed his brother Remus and took control as leader of Rome. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">2. Both Patricians and Plebians could vote. Both had the right to make legal contracts, and marry, but intermarriage between the classes was not allowed. Patricians were the only ones allowed to hold office. Although both groups were Roman citizens, their rights were different. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">3. The Romans sent an army to Sicily in order to intervene in a local dispute. The Carthaginians considered this an invasion of their territory. 241 Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily due to Roman dominance in naval strength. Hanibal (a Carthaginian) began the second Punic War when he retaliated against Roman attempts to get Spain to invade Carthage. Hanibal led an army of 30,000- 40,000 men, 6,000 horses and elephants across the Alps and defeated the Romans. He Carthaginians, under Hannibal were not successful in maintaining control over Roman cities. Rome invaded Carthage and beat Hannibal and his men. A peace treaty was signed in 201 B.C.E. Carthage lost Spain. 50 years later Rome went to war again and this time Rome destroyed the Carthage in 146 B.C.E. and claimed it as a Roman province called Africa. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">4. Julius Caesar, Marius’ nephew, came to power and instituted liberal policies and social reform. In 47 B.C.E. he seized power in Rome and was made dictator. A short time later, in 44 B.C.E. he was given the title dictator for life. He made land reforms and gave land to the poor. He increased the Senate to 900 members and then packed it with supporters of his reforms. He gave people in the provinces that had helped him, the status of Roman citizen. He began a number of public works projects and military campaigns in the east. He was assassinated by a group of senators in 44 B.C.E. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5. The family included all household members who lived together. Father of the family ruled the household. Women had considerable power in their own families and many ran businesses and managed estates. Ancestor worship was extremely important to the family.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">__Part 2__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1. **Roman** **Republic** **-**509 BCE-30 BCE **Roman Empire-** 30 BCE-476 CE <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">2. “First among equals” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">3. - Attempted to reform public morals by promoting family life (largely unsuccessful). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-Began the practice of declaring emperors gods, and of picking their own successors. (He called Haley’s Comet the spirit of Caesar.) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-Built and maintained the empire’s infrastructure (e.g., roads). Encouraged the growth of business. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">- Established fire and police departments for Rome. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">- Established a strong money system. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">- Extended citizenship to more and more provincials. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">- Said he “found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">- Jesus, the founder of Christianity, was born in the Roman province of Judea during the reign of Augustus. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">4. Roman Peace. Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean region and beyond <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5. They both killed their family and friends and people around them?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">__Part 3__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1. Diocletian divided the empire into two administrative realms (east and west) in 285 CE. This was the first step in the creation of what would become two separate empires: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">– **Roman (Western) Empire** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">– **Byzantine (Eastern) Empire** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">2. His mother, Helena, had converted to Christianity. Edict of Milan (313 CE) - Christianity legalized (religious toleration). Converted to Christianity on his deathbed <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">3. Powerful emperor of the Eastern (Byzantine) empire headquartered at Constantinople. Managed to reunite the Eastern and Western empires for a time, but this did not last. Rewrote Roman law (Corpus Juris Civilis, or the **Justinian Code**). <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">4. **Western (Roman) Empire** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">– Ended officially in 476 CE when the last emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by a barbarian, Odoacer <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Eastern (Byzantine) Empire** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">– Lasted until 1453 when the empire was conquered by the Ottoman Turks <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">5. ** Economic Reasons: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">- Gap between rich and poor <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">- Impoverished workers became tied to the land as //coloni// (sold as the land was sold) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">- As fewer members of the lower classes could afford to buy goods (no purchasing power), manufacturing and trade declined <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">- Large estates became self-sufficient, further hurting manufacturing and trade <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Military Reasons:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">Roman Republic <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Armies were servants of Rome <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">Roman Empire <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Armies made and unmade emperors <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">Reliance on barbarian troops <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Not ultimately loyal to Rome <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Could not be counted on to fight their fellow barbarians <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Interested in obtaining booty, not defending Rome or furthering Rome’s interests <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Political Reasons:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">Decline in patriotism <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Democracy did not exist in reality <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Citizens lost their tie (voting rights) to the state <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Patriotism became based on loyalty to an emperor, not to Rome <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.5in;">Most emperors did not inspire respect or loyalty <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">East/West split <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Two empires created problems regarding loyalty <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">No orderly succession <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Murders, forced suicides, and civil wars frequently accompanied the transition from one emperor to the next <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Social Reasons:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Population decline <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Hunger <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Plagues <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- War <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">Decline in intellectual culture <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- People did not dedicate themselves to public service and intellectual pursuits <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- People instead spent their leisure time watching chariot races and gladiatorial contests <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;">Religious divisions <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- Eastern and Egyptian cults took away the popularity and status of traditional Roman religion <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">- New faiths like Christianity directly questioned and challenged concepts such as imperial divinity <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">6. **Julius Caesar** (100-44 BCE) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">– Commentaries //on the Gallic Wars// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Cicero** (106-43 BCE) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">– Letters and orations <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">– Called the “Father of Latin prose” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">**Livy** (59 BCE-17 CE) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">– //Annals//, history of Rome from beginnings to Augustus

=Activity # 4=



=﻿Activity # 5=